Essay about The Qualities of Odysseus in Homers The Odyssey

Being separated from someone for long periods of time is quite depressing, but imagine being away from your special someone for 20 years. The 10 years it took to fight the Trojan War were anything but easy for Odysseus, the hero of The Odyssey written by the poet Homer. The venture home was much worse due to encounters with monsters such as the Cyclops Polyphemus, raging storms, challenges from forceful gods and goddesses, and setbacks due to foolishness and pride. Odysseus displays many qualities through-out his journey home, some negative and others positive. In â€Å"The Homecoming,† Odysseus reveals his great courage, intelligence, and strength. Odysseus displays courage in many events throughout â€Å"The Homecoming†. He shows courage when he†¦show more content†¦Odysseus displays strength throughout his whole journey. Odysseus displays strength as he strings the bow: â€Å"But the man skilled in all way of contending, satisfied by the great bow’s look an heft, like a musician, like a harper, when with quiet hand upon his instrument he draws between his thumb and forefinger a sweet new string upon a peg: so effortlessly Odysseus in one motion strung the bow.† (Page 429, lines 196-202.) He shows strength when he wouldn’t allow any suitors to escape and when telling his son to grab armor and supplies while he fights the suitors with Athena’s help: â€Å"Run then, while I hold them off with arrows as long as the arrows last. When all are gone if I’m alone they can dislodge me.† (Death in the Great Hall, Page 433, Lines 337-340) Upon returning to Ithaca, Odysseus displays his qualities during the test of the bow. He show his great courage and strength as he kills every suitor. A calmer side of Odysseus was revealed when he intelligently tells Penelope the story of how he made the bed and how it cannot be moved by anyone: â€Å"An old trunk of olive grew like a pillar on the building plot, and I laid up our bedroom around that tree, lined up the stone walls, built the walls and roof, gave it a doorway andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey, The Epic Of The Classical Era Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesPaper Assignment 1 Prompt 1 Homer’s Odyssey is one of the many epic of the classical era to give an detailed overlook on the relationship between humans and gods. Odyssey is not just an adventure story about a king struggling to get back home after having gone to war; nor is it one about a son searching for his father after rumors say that he has been dead for many years. The events that take place in Homer’s Odyssey are heavily influenced by the Greek Gods. One can see how the gods interactionRead MoreOdysseus Is A Hero?950 Words   |  4 PagesTo most people, Odysseus is believed as a hero. A hero is a person who is admired or idealized for courage, achievements, and noble qualities. In one of Homer’s classic epics, The Odyssey, Odysseus is admired by many people as a man who has intelligence, nobility, and confidence. However, women who both loved and knew Odysseus than anyone, thought of him differently and knew him in depth. Through The Meadowlands and The Penelopiad, Circe and Penel ope showed their strong opinions of this â€Å"hero† throughRead MoreOdysseus As The Epic Hero In Homers Odyssey1019 Words   |  5 PagesOdysseus as the Epic Hero in Homer’s The Odyssey A style of work often explored in Greek literature is that of the epic. An expansive poem of a wide scope centered on and regarding the wondrous deeds of the main, heroic figure, on whose actions depend the fate of a nation. The definition of an epic can be used to describe The Odyssey by Homer. In The Odyssey we are introduced to our main character, Odysseus, the former king of Ithaca and a Trojan war hero who has been trapped on an Island by theRead MoreOdysseus And Aeneas Similarities922 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween Odysseus and Aeneas â€Å"Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of that man †¦ the wanderer (Lawall and Mack 225). This is from the first stanza of book one of The Odyssey by Homer; it is an epic Greek poem written in the eighth century B.C. Hundreds of years later, Virgil wrote The Aeneid, the Roman epic, around 19 B.C. It was inspired by Homer’s works. This is easy to see not only in writing style, but by the similarities of the two main characters, the wanderers, of The Odyssey and TheRead More A Comparison of Homeric Formalism in The Iliad and The Odyssey1339 Words   |  6 PagesHomeric Formalism in The Iliad and The Odyssey Much that is terrible takes place in the Homeric poems, but it seldom takes place wordlessly... no speech is so filled with anger or scorn that the particles which express logical and grammatical connections are lacking or out of place. (from Odysseus Scar by Erich Auerbach)    In his immaculately detailed study comparing the narrative styles of Homer to those of the Bible, Erich Auerbach hits upon one of the most notable intriguesRead MoreSimilarities Between Achilles And Odysseus1110 Words   |  5 PagesHeroics (A Comparison of Heroic Traits Displayed by Achilles and Odysseus in Homer’s, Iliad and Odyssey) Humanity has always strived for greatness, and is destined to continue this attempt till the world stops spinning. Through the art of storytelling, and literature, we have weaved images of what the ideal human should be. Countless works of literature depict such humans as â€Å"heroes†, due to the inspiration they stir within our imperfect souls. Truly epic heroes shape future stories, and remainRead MoreHomer s Odyssey : A Greek Hero940 Words   |  4 PagesHomer’s Odyssey Work Sample Odysseus is not your typical Greek hero. Greek heroes like Achilles and Hercules used purely their physical advantages and enormous strength to overcome their challenges. Odysseus however, in addition to his god-like strength, used his wits and mental horsepower -- which needless to say he had a lot of. This allowed him to get out of some very sticky situations. Odysseus primarily used thought, patience, and clever tricks to overcome obstacles thrown in front of himRead MoreEssay on Odysseus as Pawn of the Gods in Homers Odyssey1663 Words   |  7 PagesOdysseus as Pawn of the Gods in The Odyssey   Ã‚   Throughout literature characters have relied upon entities greater then themselves to furnish them with aid as they meet the many challenges they must face. The Odyssey is a tale of Odysseus’ epic journey and the many obstacles that bar his return home. But Odysseus is not alone in this struggle and receives aid from many gods, especially the clear-eyed goddess Athena. There are times when Odysseus beseeches the gods for aid, but other times heRead MoreHomer’S Two Tales, The Iliad And The Odyssey, Are Both1749 Words   |  7 PagesHomer’s two tales, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are both incredibly well known and widely taught across the world and at many different levels of education. Some call Homer the â€Å"greatest poet to ever live† and although this can be disputed his works truly speak for themselves and have braved the test of time quite well. This paper will cover who/whom Homer is as a person, or persons, and the time period of his writin gs, the truths versus the dramatizations of the Iliad and Odyssey, how the author’sRead MoreEssay on The Odyssey743 Words   |  3 PagesKalypso and Odysseus in Homers the Odyssey. In Calypso; Denver portrays women in general as being superior to men by using the beautiful and enchanting goddess, Kalypso, from Homers epic. John Denver encompasses all women in his song by providing Kalypso as a universal symbol. Along with the relationship between Odysseus and Kalypso and men and women, there are other interpreted allusions from the Odyssey to Kalypsos song. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The relationship between Odysseus and Kalypso

British Foreign Policy During The Period From 1919

British Foreign Policy during Interwar Period (1919-1939) Political and economic stability was something that was fought hard for during the inter-war period from 1919 through 1939. World War I had a prolific and traumatic influence on how the British people as well as British statesmen influenced, created, and protected foreign policy. This wasn’t something that transformed overnight; rather it took the entire hiatus spent in-between wars to get Britain back on a course with political development. Although, early British foreign policy looked promising to some, the interwar period proved to be a determining factor in Hitler’s rise to power in 1933, which ended in substantial lose of life and upwards of seventy-plus bombings that hit London in the 1940s bombing raids known as â€Å"The Blitz.† With the number of foreign policies the United Kingdom has been included on it was difficult to determine the success to failure ratio, which focused my attention on the debated failure of three major foreign diplomatic events tha t’s shaped the course of history. The Treaty of Versailles, The Manchurian Crisis of 1931, and Neville Chamberlin’s appeasement were all long-term failures involving British foreign policy. These â€Å"failures† helped and shaped tension as well as the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles is regarded as one of the biggest flounders in political history. Although, it was the treaty that ended the Great War it also led to the uprising ofShow MoreRelatedUs Isolationism 1919-411343 Words   |  6 PagesHow far was US foreign policy completely isolationist between 1919-41? At the end of World War One, the American public were completely against becoming entangled in another European war which would cost American soldier’s lives and be expensive to the economy; this was a feeling which also ran through Congress. The feeling became known as ‘isolationism’. An isolationist policy meant that it focused on domestic affairs and disregarded international issues. During the period, particularly as WorldRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles Ended World War I1498 Words   |  6 PagesFrom 1914 to 1918, the world was overshadowed by a horrific war-World War 1. The Treaty of Versailles ended World War 1 with the hopes of no more wars in the future, however nobody expected it to be to foundation of the next catastrophe in Europe-World War 2. World War One that lasted from 1914-1918 was one of the most horrific wars in history. Europe was devastated and covered in a veil of anger and bitterness. Millions of people died or were wounded. Many cities in Europe were completely destroyedRead MoreHitler Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesHistory a) Neville Chamberlain was the British Prime Minister during the 1930’s and was known as an â€Å"appeaser† in regards to Hitler’s foreign policy. In September 1938, during the Czechoslovakian crisis, the appeasers appeased to Hitler’s taking of the Sudetenland due to the threat of war. On October first 1938 in the Daily Herald Newspaper, the headline stated that Mr. Chamberlain declared that â€Å"It is peace for our time†. Some people say that the appeasers, such as Neville Chamberlain, were theRead MoreOnset Of Urban Disturbances At British Seaports2169 Words   |  9 Pagesafterwards. During this period, the world was going through a large economic crisis, which meant that Britain was a place that was sparse in resources due to economic constraints. This was particularly in areas that were heavily industrialised and areas with large seaports, as these where the areas that were heavily involved in the production and transportation of goods. At the end of the war Britain had approximately 4 million soldiers, who were to be demobilised and slowly reintroduced into British societyRead MoreThe Success Of World War I1430 Words   |  6 Pagesattacked France, the British. The French were worried about another defeat at the hands of Germany, and the British were worried about German naval strength. World War I began in the Balkans on June 28th, 1914. By early August of 1914, the war that the Europeans had feared for so long and anticipated was under way. The World War was an emotional time for Woodrow Wilson because his wife died on August 6th, 1914. 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Because of this, Germany was put into a large economic debt. This is where Hitler arrived as the big dictator that would change all and so began the attacks on its neighboring countries (1933). This was definitely contradicting the Versailles Treaty. Americans decidedR ead MorePolitical Effects Of Ww1 During World War One ( Ww1 )871 Words   |  4 Pagespeople are dead while twice bigger number is wounded, and the economics of warring sides countries are on the decline. Due to new circumstances and new challenges, winning Allied Powers carve up areal map of the world during the Paris Peace Conference within Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Among political effects of WW1 are new country borders, arising new political regimes and a new world political discourse. New country borders Firstly, four colonial empires slept out of existence. 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Global interests rather than just continental. Preservation of empire Preservation of navy – had best navy fleet. Remain on good terms with USA – expenses. Britain needed to be defended – Security

Various Philosophical Theories of Ethics

Questions: 1.Consider the ethical dilemma surrounding deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) in Australian industries? 2.Critique Moor's Just-Consequentialist Framework using suitable examples? 3.Compare and contrast the code of ethics of any two computing professional bodies, such as, IEEE Computer Society, Australian Computer Society etc? Answers: 1. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that focuses on making intelligent machines that react and work like human beings (Techopedia, 2017). According to an article published by Chapel (2017) published in The New Daily, Bib businesses in Australia are taking up and embracing artificial intelligence (AI) and over 60 percent are already planning human resource with this technology. There is a challenge for this companies as to where and when they will implement the technology and whether or not it will affect the human society. Adopting artificial intelligence in companies have been reported to boost productivity and make cost savings. As intelligent systems proliferate and become more capable, our world is becoming more competent and therefore better off (Bossmann, 2016). However, adopting Artificial intelligence will have great repercussions for the society at large. It is no doubt that embracing Artificial intelligence will replace human jobs resulting to unemployment. Since there have been inventions of methodologies of job automations, more room for people to work in complex roles can be created. This way people can move from the physical work that dominates the cognitive labour characterized by premeditated and organizational work in the global society. Embracing Artificial intelligence will subsequently breed inequality. Majority of businesses still depend on hourly work schedules when it comes to services and products. However, by using artificial intelligence, companies can radically reduce on relying on human resource labour which means that proceeds will go to few people. As a result, persons who own machine based corporations in AI based companies make money breeding inequality. Human behavior and interaction will be impacted. Intelligent machines are being created to model human behavior and are becoming better at as demonstrated by the Eugene Goostman interview done in 2015 (Aamoth, 2014). Eugene Goostman is a bot that tricked over thirty percent of a board of judges into accepting as true that he was an actual boy throughout the course of a chat conversation that lasted for five minutes during a Turing test. It is impossible for machines to gain one hundred percent intelligence. Unlike humans, machines may be fooledthrough dot patterns to see things that are non-existent (Bossmann, 2017). This would result to half- baked intelligence. It is impossible for intelligent machines to reason and make other plans if original ones fail as humans would do in case of changes in a given scenario. Therefore we cannot fully rely on AI to bring us into a new world of effective human labour, security and efficiency. There need to be assurance that the machine perform as planned, and that people wont overpower it to use it for their own ends. Embracing AI will affect security. A powerful technology can easily become good and be used for despicable reasons as well. Robots created to substitute human fighters, or self-ruling missiles can be used to cause destruction when used wickedly. Because such fights won't be fought only on the battleground, cyber security will then become more significant. At the end of the day, intelligent systems are faster and have the capability to follow orders on a high level compared to humans. Each person must think about the ethics of the work they perform, and the work they choose not to perform. Artificial Intelligence and robotics greatly affect our daily lives although they seem like science fiction. For example, services like Google and Amazon help us find what we want by using AI. They learn both from us and about us when we use them (Moore, 2017). Advances in technology are really proliferating the business world and companies should look into all factors. 2. A deontological principle of ethics says that some deeds are ethically mandatory irrespective of their negative or positive concerns on humans (Moriarty, 2008). Deontological theories maintain that it is at all times the responsibility of an individual to do the right thing. Personal behavior should serve as exemplary behavior for other people and that specifically, one should always act towards others as he/ she would like to be acted upon. It is an essential duty of people to respect and treat others with dignity and not merely as a means to their own resolves. Considering others with high opinion means not violating their privileges and rights (Kent Williams, 1993) Moor was of the opinion that computing technology was openly radical since it is malleable (Moor, 2009). As a result, the flexibility of computer technology permitted individuals to perform a wide assortment of things that they originally would not do. One asks whether new things require to be done as a result of the computer technology. This is as a result of Moor(2009) noting that a person can perform new things he/she ought to do it and that it would be ethical to perform them. It is rational to permit the fact that since such things werent completed in the past, there is no model that can be followed for good practice or ethical ruling that govern such activities. Moor begins by bearing in mind the kind of behavior to be regulated by ethics. He has confidence in the fact that all people need to be sheltered against going through unnecessary damages. Another desirable objective of such ethics, according to Moor (2009) is the support for duties, rights and justice. I agree that it is consequentialism is a great approach and a practical theory to ethics in computer ethics. But on the other hand, moral ethics should not be taken as rules that a person is forced on. Moral ethics socially and professionally should also be from the fact that a person treats others with respect and does as they are required with competence always. James Moor also suggests that computing policies should be developed to be fair for all people. But is should be noted that policies may not be fair to everyone all the time. When developing codes of conduct, consideration should include all the people and not only those that think they will benefit but should consider all the people who may be affected by the system. For example, in creating code of ethics, if its about the executive management, it should not only concern only the top management but all the other levels as well. Moor similarly presented the piece about the good as the competitor of just. The section is about the company that needs to advertise services by using folks individual facts. It is important to think of how the people whose information is used will feel. This would be against privacy rights as no person wants to display their data and information about them. The article is presented as good since most people are in its support but only because many people would want to get relevant and as much information about other persons. However, with time, such information would cause uneasiness to all the people whose details are used in marketing plan. The just consequentialist persons would be the first to know that the marketing plans of using personal information is not really a good thing. Therefore, having good principles to support just consequentialism is right in order not to have bias with other individuals. 3. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics: The Differences and Similarities Are there any differences as well as similarities between codes of ethics of computing professional bodies? Well, I have studied both IEEE and Australian Computer Society code of ethics and from my research, the two have similarities and differences. The IEEE is a global biggest professional society with professionals and engineers from diverse backgrounds who have a lot of robust volunteers worldwide (Ravichandran, 2014). On the other hand, Australian Computer Society (ACS) is the association for the countrys information and communications technology (ICT) profession represented by ICT specialists in education, business and government sectors (ACS, 2017). IEEE and Australian Computer Society code of ethics have common features. Firstly, both emphasis and have a solid focus on the general societal and moral role of the profession. The codes help members realize their professional determinations by making the most of extraordinary possibilities. Both also focus on being passionate about be familiar with proficiency, ICT skills development and establishing a sense of belonging in the community. Secondly, both Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Australian Computer Society (ACS) code of ethics comprise of conduct rules that cover the following four main areas including public interest, duty to relevant authorities, professional integrity and competence and finally duty towards professionalism (Ethical codes for computer professionals, 2015). Thirdly, Both the IEEE and Australian Computer Society (ACS) codes make clear that they apply only to their members. All the members of either IEEE or Australian Computer Society (ACS) are required to conduct themselves in a manner as laid out in the rules of conduct with regard to social interaction and professionalism. Equally, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Australian Computer Society (ACS) stresses the importance of members to continuously obtain and maintain professional competence. Professional members are also required to take part in setting principles for applicable intensities of professional abilities and competence, and endeavor to attain those principles and standards. Members must also upgrade their technical knowhow and proficiencies and to achieve them in various ways including doing autonomous study and research; attending conferences, seminars and workshops; and be involved in proficient business organizations (ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, 2017).Both Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Australian Computer Society (ACS) give access to members who fulfill membership requirements including members who by experience or education and provide confirmation of proficiency in any IEEE selected field. Designated fields include Computer Sciences, Engineering, and Information Technology, Management, Biological and Medical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Mathematics, Education, Technical Communications and Law and Policy (IEEE Advancing Technology for Humanity, 2017). Additionally, professional members in both Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Australian Computer Society (ACS) should improve and enhance the understanding of the computing industry and its consequences in the society at large. However, there exists some differences between Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Australian Computer Society (ACS). For example, the IEEE Code of ethics was adopted in 1974 while The Australian Computer Society was formed on January 1966 (Australian Computer Society, 2017). Also the IEEE combines a lot of disciplines as stated above. In contrast, the Australian Computer Society (ACS) IS based on the ICT profession only. IEEE accepts membership from all over the world (IEEE Advancing Technology for Humanity, 2017). On the other hand, ACS is Australia based (Australian Computer Society, 2017) To conclude, membership in either one of this organization promotes ethics both socially and economically for the betterment of the society. References Aamoth D. (2014). Interview with Eugene Goostman, the Fake Kid Who Passed the Turing Test. Retrieved from https://time.com/2847900/eugene-goostman-turing-test/ Australian Computer Society (2017). About the ACS. Retrieved from https://more.acs.org.au/about-the-acs Advancing Technology for Humanity. (2017).IEEE standards. Retrieved from https://www.ieee.org/index.html ACM Council, (2017). ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. Retrieved from https://www.acm.org/about-acm/acm-code-of-ethics-and-professional-conduct Chapel, T. (2017). The New Daily: Majority of Australias big business firms embracing artificial intelligence. Retrieved from https://thenewdaily.com.au/money/work/2017/01/18/artificial-intelligence-australia-big-business/ Ethical codes for Computer professionals. (2015). Professional Issues in Information Technology. Retrieved from https://staffwww.dcs.shef.ac.uk/people/A.Sharkey/Nethicalcodes.pdf Kent, A., Williams, J. G. (1993). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 29 - Supplement 14: Agent-Oriented Programming to Socio-Organizational Aspects of Expert System Design. New York: CRC Press. Moore, R. (2017). AI Ethics: Artificial Intelligence, Robots, and Society. Retrieved from https://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/~jjb/web/ai.htmlMoriarty, G. (2008). The Engineering Project: Its Nature, Ethics, and Promise. Philadelphia: Penn State PressMoor, J. (2009). Chapter 8: Just Consequentialism and Computing Ravichandran, N. (2014). What is the difference between an IEEE and ACM? Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-an-IEEE-and-ACM

The Legal Environment of Business Essay Example

The Legal Environment of Business Essay Assume that you are the supervisor of an employee who has been accused of sexually harassing a fellow co-worker. What steps would you take to handle the situation? What are the potential legal issues of which you must be cognizant? How would you help your company avoid a potential charge of discrimination (by the employee bringing the internal charge) and/or retaliation (by the individual charged with the alleged violation)? Harassment of any kind can be down right nasty. The role of a supervisor is twofold. They must protect the well being of the company they represent as well as keep their employees informed and safe. It takes special innate and learned character traits to be an effective supervisor. One important trait I suppose would be the ability to represent three different parties at the same time. The parties being: the company, the staff in which they supervise and self. Let’s take this scenario as a case to study. For the sake of this illustration, I am Ashley. Jamie is hired as a set designer for a major company in L. A. She is a young, educated, spirited and married. One of the things that Ashley liked about Jamie when she hired her was her personal sense of style. We will write a custom essay sample on The Legal Environment of Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Legal Environment of Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Legal Environment of Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The company sends Jamie all over the world to build movie and theater sets, whoever, most of her work is done in the companies L. A. warehouses. Given Jamie’s natural personality, she is always smiling, complementing others on their work as well as their personal appearance. A typical greeting from Jamie would be, â€Å"Good morning Gwen. I love your shirt. That color really looks great on you†. Another example would be, â€Å"Mr. Thomas, looking sharp†! That’s typical of what she would say to one of the board members. The industry Jamie works in is all about fashion, style and design and she is no exception. She always wears outfits that show she thought about it. Everything about Jamie demands attention in the most unintentional way. She isn’t loud and grandiose. In fact, even though she loves to give complements and highlight the good in others, she doesn’t like a lot of attention placed on her. Miles was hired one year after Jamie, also as a set designer. He was about five years Jamie’s senior and was recently engaged. Just as Jamie was with everyone, she smiled when she talked to Jamie and complemented his work and his appearance. Well one day, Miles made a comment to Jamie that made her feel uncomfortable. He said, â€Å"Jamie, what is your husband doing that keeps you smiling all the time†. She was really offended but she didn’t want to make a big deal out of what could very well have been nothing. She just ignored him and kept working. She thought that would be the first and last time he would say anything so inappropriate to her again so she just went on about her work as usual. But it didn’t stop. In fact it got worse. The comment that pushed Jamie over the edge if you will, is when the crew was working on a new set in Hawaii. It was during summer so it was really hot and humid. Jamie was wearing a simple white tank top and some blue jeans that had been cut off just above her thigh area. She was sitting straddled about a huge palm tree that had fallen down during the island’s last hurricane. Miles says, in front of everyone, â€Å"Hey Jamie, I sure would like to be that palm tree right about now†. Jamie was livid! She told him off real good and then went to talk to her supervisor Ashley about the sexual harassment she feels she has been experiencing at the hand of her co-worker Miles. Brabners says, â€Å"It is now unlawful for an employer to subject an individual to harassment. Harassment is defined as unwanted conduct on the grounds of a recipients sex or unwanted conduct of a sexual nature. (2008) Ashley is genuinely concerned about the accusations that has been brought to her attention and takes immediate actions. According to the Supreme Court, in order for the company not to be held liable for Miles’ alleged misdeeds, Ashley has to be sure to use reasonable care to prevent and correct the sexually harassing behavior. If everyone involved unreasonably failed to take advantage of the complaint procedure or other preventive opportunities provided by the company and termination, demotion or reassignment is a result, then the company is clear of liability. (391, Beatty) The first thing Ashley did was talk to both Jamie and Miles separately and they gave written statements to their perception of what happened. She was conscience not to take sides or express favor of one side over the other. During this process, she had each of them bring someone out side of the company with them for personal support as well as to be a witness to Ashley’s none biases position. Both Jamie and Miles were instructed to keep the situation confidential and to not discuss any parts of the accusations at work or to anyone in affiliation with the company whether during company hours or not. After a month long internal investigation, Miles was offered a lower paying position in another department. He refused and threatened to sue. He didn’t stand a chance at winning because evidence had proven that he had indeed been sexually harassing Jamie as well as other female and homosexual employees. Ashley really could have fired him but instead she offered him a position that he more than likely would refuse. He voluntarily ended his employment as predicted. The way Ashley chose to handle this situation save the company from a law suit from either Jamie or Miles. She also saved the company from having to pay unemployment because Miles quite voluntarily. He was never denied employment. Even after he was found guilt of sexual harassment, he could have continued working for the company yet he refused. Prevention is the best tool for the elimination of sexual harassment. An employer should take all steps necessary to prevent sexual harassment from occurring, such as affirmatively raising the subject, expressing strong disapproval, developing appropriate sanctions, informing employees of their right to raise and how to raise the issue of harassment under Title VII, and developing methods to sensitize all concerned. Guidelines on Discrimination Because of Sex U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission After that incident, the company had everyone go through sensitivity training which dealt with handling every thing from race to religion in the work place. The company also developed a peer mediation group system. This process is to be used before it goes to upper management. This way an issue can be resolved without the treat of unfavorable consequences. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects individuals against employment discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race, color, national origin, and religion. Title VII applies to employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments. It also applies to employment agencies and to labor organizations, as well as to the federal government. Title VIIs prohibitions against sex-based discrimination also cover sexual harassment. According to The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, this includes practices ranging from direct requests for sexual favors to workplace conditions that create a hostile environment for persons of either gender, including same sex harassment. (EEOC) Harassment of any kind is unacceptable and more laws are being passed to protect the civil rights of all people. We all have a responsibility to make where we work safe in every way. This includes sanity. Reference: Beatty, Jeffrey F. nd Samuelson, Susan S. (2008). Legal Environment Third Edition. Thomson Higher Education. Mason, OH. Brabners, Chaffe, and Street. (2008). Discrimination on Grounds of Sex. Retrieved May 5, 2008 from http://www. discriminationonline. com/employer/sex_discrimination. asp Lectric Law Library. (2008). Guidelines For Employers On Sexual Harassment. Retrieved May 5, 2008 from http://www. lectlaw. com/files/emp32. htm The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2008). Sex-Based Discrimination. Retrieved May 5,2008 from http://www. eeoc. gov/types/sex. html

Free Essays on Graduation Speech

â€Å"Time sneaks up on you like a windshield [does] on a bug,† said the celebrity John Lithgow. For the student, our first day of school here at the Lewis F. Cole middle school seems like only yesterday. In only two short years, we have accomplished so much more than we thought we could on that first day when we were all strangers in a strange new world. But maybe fate decided how we would end up, and maybe it was fate that dictated to what extent we would be successful in achieving many of our goals. Perhaps it was also due to fate that we all made the mistakes we made. And conceivably, it may be fate that I was chosen to stand here addressing you the students, your parents, and our teachers. Before I go further, I should first congratulate the class of 2003 on surviving their two year crash course in social growth and express our classes’ deepest thanks to the devoted teaching staff who patiently guided us through all those academic thickets. We are who we are. I choose no more to be male than my mother did to be female. Perhaps fate controlled my life in its course so far, and perhaps it is fate that I have made it this far in life. Yet I believe fate is not in total control of my life; it has merely provided me with loose guide lines for getting through these two short but memorable years at the Lewis F. Cole Middle School. As students, we are constantly evolving. We are who we are, but we can change who we are through our actions and our values. As students, we changed not only ourselves, but also changed and affected many of those around us. In only two years, many of us have greatly matured socially and as such have become different people. Maybe fate had in store what we choose to change. I have developed what you might call a love-hate relationship with our middle school. I love this school for its competition, while I hate it for that very reason at the same time. The student competition here at the Lewis F. Cole middle s... Free Essays on Graduation Speech Free Essays on Graduation Speech â€Å"Time sneaks up on you like a windshield [does] on a bug,† said the celebrity John Lithgow. For the student, our first day of school here at the Lewis F. Cole middle school seems like only yesterday. In only two short years, we have accomplished so much more than we thought we could on that first day when we were all strangers in a strange new world. But maybe fate decided how we would end up, and maybe it was fate that dictated to what extent we would be successful in achieving many of our goals. Perhaps it was also due to fate that we all made the mistakes we made. And conceivably, it may be fate that I was chosen to stand here addressing you the students, your parents, and our teachers. Before I go further, I should first congratulate the class of 2003 on surviving their two year crash course in social growth and express our classes’ deepest thanks to the devoted teaching staff who patiently guided us through all those academic thickets. We are who we are. I choose no more to be male than my mother did to be female. Perhaps fate controlled my life in its course so far, and perhaps it is fate that I have made it this far in life. Yet I believe fate is not in total control of my life; it has merely provided me with loose guide lines for getting through these two short but memorable years at the Lewis F. Cole Middle School. As students, we are constantly evolving. We are who we are, but we can change who we are through our actions and our values. As students, we changed not only ourselves, but also changed and affected many of those around us. In only two years, many of us have greatly matured socially and as such have become different people. Maybe fate had in store what we choose to change. I have developed what you might call a love-hate relationship with our middle school. I love this school for its competition, while I hate it for that very reason at the same time. The student competition here at the Lewis F. Cole middle s...

Ancient Syrian Facts and History

Ancient Syrian Facts and History In antiquity, the Levant or Greater Syria, which includes modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestinian territories, part of Jordan, and Kurdistan, was named Syria by the Greeks. At the time, it was a landbridge connecting three continents. It was bounded by the Mediterranean on the west, the Arabian Desert on the south, and the Taurus mountain range to the north. The Syrian Ministry of Tourism adds that it was also at the crossroads of the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Nile. In this vital position, it was the hub of a trade network involving the ancient areas of Syria, Anatolia (Turkey), Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Aegean. Ancient Divisions Ancient Syria was divided into an upper and lower section. Lower Syria was known as Coele-Syria (Hollow Syria) and was located between the Libanus and Antilibanus mountain ranges. Damascus was the ancient capital city. The Roman emperor was known for dividing the emperor into four parts (the Tetrarchy) Diocletian (c. 245-c. 312) established an arms manufacturing center there. When the Romans took over, they subdivided Upper Syria into multiple provinces. Syria came under Roman control in 64 B.C. Romans emperors replaced the Greeks and Seleucid rulers. Rome divided Syria into two provinces:Â  Syria Prima and Syria Secunda. Antioch was the capital and Aleppo the major city of Syria Prima. Syria Secunda was divided into two sections, Phoenicia Prima (mostly modern Lebanon), with its capital at Tyre, and Phoenicia Secunda, with its capital at Damascus. Important Ancient Syrian Cities Doura EuroposThe first ruler of the Seleucid dynasty founded this city along the Euphrates. It came under the Roman and Parthian rule, and fell under the Sassanids, possibly through an early use of chemical warfare. Archaeologists have uncovered religious venues in the city for practitioners of Christianity, Judaism, and Mithraism. Emesa (Homs)Along the Silk Route after Doura Europos and Palmyra. It was the home of the Roman emperor Elagabalus. HamahLocated along the Orontes between Emesa and Palmyra. A Hittite center and capital of the Aramaean kingdom. Named Epiphania, after the Seleucid monarch Antiochus IV. AntiochNow a part of Turkey, Antioch lies along the Orontes River. It was founded by Alexanders general Seleucus I Nicator. PalmyraThe city of palm trees was located in the desert along the Silk Route. Became part of the Roman Empire under Tiberius. Palmyra was the home of the third century A.D Roman-defying queen Zenobia. DamascusCalled the oldest continually occupied city in the word and is the capital of Syria. Pharaoh Thutmosis III and later the Assyrian Tiglath Pileser II conquered Damascus. Rome under Pompey acquired Syria, including Damascus.Decapolis AleppoA major caravan stopping point in Syria on the road to Baghdad is in competition with Damascus as the oldest continually occupied city in the world. It was a major center of Christianity, with a large cathedral, in the Byzantine Empire. Major ethnic groups The major ethnic groups that migrated to ancient Syria were Akkadians, Amorites, Canaanites, Phoenicians, and Arameans. Syrian Natural Resources To the fourth millennium Egyptians and third millennium Sumerians, the Syrian coastland was the source of the softwoods, cedar, pine, and cypress. The Sumerians also went to Cilicia, in the northwest area of Greater Syria, in pursuit of gold and silver, and probably traded with the port city of Byblos, which was supplying Egypt with resin for mummification. Ebla The trade network may have been under the control of the ancient city Ebla, an independent Syrian kingdom that exerted power from the northern mountains to Sinai. Located 64 km (42 mi) south of Aleppo, about halfway between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates. Tell Mardikh is an archaeological site in Ebla that was discovered in 1975. There, archaeologists found a royal palace and 17,000 clay tablets. Epigrapher Giovanni Pettinato found a Paleo-Canaanite language on the tablets that was older than Amorite, which had previously been considered the oldest Semitic language. Ebla conquered Mari, the capital of Amurru, which spoke Amorite. Ebla was destroyed by a great king of the southern Mesopotamian kingdom of Akkad, Naram Sim, in 2300 or 2250. The same great king destroyed Arram, which may have been an ancient name for Aleppo. Accomplishments of the Syrians The Phoenicians or Canaanites produced the purple dye for which they are named. It comes from mollusks that lived along the Syrian coast. The Phoenicians created a consonantal alphabet in the second millennium in the kingdom of Ugarit (Ras Shamra). They brought their 30-letter abecedary to the Aramaeans, who settled Greater Syria at the end of the 13th century B.C. This is the Syria of the Bible. They also founded colonies, including Carthage on the north coast of Africa where modern Tunis is located. The Phoenicians are credited with discovering the Atlantic Ocean. The Aramaeans opened trade to southwest Asia and set up a capital in Damascus. They also built a fortress at Aleppo. They simplified the Phoenician alphabet and made Aramaic the vernacular, replacing Hebrew. Aramaic was the language of Jesus and the Persian Empire. Conquests of Syria Syria was not only valuable but vulnerable since it was surrounded by many other powerful groups. In about 1600, Egypt attacked Greater Syria. At the same time, Assyrian power was growing to the east and Hittites were invading from the north. Canaanites in coastal Syria who intermarried with the indigenous people producing the Phoenicians probably fell under the Egyptians, and the Amorites, under the Mesopotamians. In the 8th century B.C., the Assyrians under Nebuchadnezzar conquered the Syrians. In the 7th century, the Babylonians conquered the Assyrians. The next century, it was the Persians. At the death of Alexander, Greater Syria came under the control of Alexanders general Seleucus Nicator, who first established his capital on the Tigris River at Seleucia, but then following the Battle of Ipsus, moved it into Syria, at Antioch. Seleucid rule lasted for 3 centuries with its capital at Damascus. The area was now referred to as the kingdom of Syria. Greeks colonizing in Syria created new cities and expanded trade into India. Sources: The Library of Congress - SYRIA - A Country Study, Data as of April 1987Supplemental: [www.syriatourism.org/] Syria - Ministry of TourismSyrian CitiesA Manual of Geographical Science: Ancient Geography, by W. L. Bevan (1859).

Food Safety, Security in Arizona and the U.S Border Essay

Food Safety, Security in Arizona and the U.S Border - Essay Example However, it does not terminate there. Inclusive are the product’s marketing aspect and its supply and retail channels (Bagwell, Kyle, and Staiger 112). It will be appropriate then to term agribusiness a system. Since the system is a consolidation of various entities to form a working unit, similarly, agribusiness is a network of objects such as its input, processing, manufacturing, supply and retail entities. Currently, this sector is market-centered and is evolving on this basis. The consumer also wants to dictate the forces of demand and supply in this industry. Agribusiness can be attributed to various traits that clearly distinguish it from family farming. A farm operated and owned by a family is a family farm. This is not the idea propagated by the concept o agribusiness. This brings us to the first characteristic of agribusiness that is the scale. The scale of agribusiness is large. This disqualifies it as a type of family farming that is most commonly than not small scale farming. The second trait is the considerable horizontal and vertical integration. This can be best explained by an instance where a company might own an industry that produces canned fish, along with a myriad of fish farms that produce the fish as well as an enterprise that provides employees. It may be even in possession of another company whose task is to supply and retail the finished products to the consumers (Bagwell, Kyle, and Staiger 112). Of the consideration under the traits of agribusiness is how operations take place, is that Administrators are responsible for activities in an agribusiness who are preferable to having farmers running the organization. This clearly informs us that agribusiness is out to maximize profits like any other business. This gives it an extremely proficient system which is organized and streamlined which allows agribusiness to keep the costs of food low. This is achievable by minimizing the costs

Analyze and discuss Charles V war with the Ottoman Empire Essay

Analyze and discuss Charles V war with the Ottoman Empire - Essay Example As Goffman puts it, Selim had ‘exposed the Ottomans, more directly than ever, to powerful empires’ (99). Overland to the east, Suleiman was confronted with the Persian Safavids on his frontiers in Mesopotamia and Anatolia; in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, he dispatched fleets against the ships of Catholic Portugal, busily building a commercial empire on the coasts of the Africa, the Arabian Gulf and India. Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, had only really faced a much enfeebled Byzantium, a shrunken state which showed little sign of its former glory. Selim himself had gone to war with major neighbors, but in toppling the Mamluks in Egypt, he was destroying a dynasty who were already unstable in power. However, Suleiman, in confronting Charles V in the West, faced an empire which ‘included almost all of Catholic Europe’ (Goffman, 99). The scale of the ensuing struggle, and the near-constant state of warfare in some arena or another, is thus litt le to be wondered at. It is worth examining the symbolic level of the conflict between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans, given that the struggle was in many ways one for the succession to the Roman emperors. For Imber, ‘rivalry between Suleyman I and Charles V was a dominant theme of the mid-sixteenth century’ (113). Ever since Mehmed II had taken Constantinople from the last of the Byzantine emperors in 1453, the Ottomans had been able to brand themselves as the legitimate successors to Rome. However, it was only in the reign of Suleiman I that much emphasis was put on this notion. During one of the military campaigns in Eastern Europe in the 1530s, Suleiman wore a crown which he had commissioned from Venetian artisans, and which employed elements of the official regalia of both Charles V and Pope Clement VII, the latter being, significantly, the pontiff who had crowned Charles as Holy Roman Emperor. Goffman considers that ‘no Western observer could have missed the Ottoman sultan’s challenge to the emperor’s universalist claims in this choice of headgear’ (107). At the same time, Charles was busy reasserting his own imperial credentials in the West. In 1530, he travelled to Bologna where the Pope invested him with the crown of a renewed Holy Roman Empire, thus recalling the occasion on Christmas Day 1800, when Charlemagne became the first Holy Roman Emperor to receive a crown from the Pope. Finkel suggests that for Charles, this occasion was not merely symbolic, but that he saw his enthronement as ‘reinforcing his moral authority to press forward with the consolidation of Spanish power’ (126), and thus seek military confrontation with the Islamic Ottoman Turks. Suleiman, also, made use of religious titles in an attempt to strengthen his position. Having become the guardian of Islam’s most holy cities – Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem – he commonly used the title ‘Caliph’, which I mber pertinently describes as ‘an Islamic counterweight to Charles V’s Christian title of Holy Roman Emperor’ (114). A deeply significant moment in this rivalry, especially as far as Suleiman was concerned, came in 1547, as the two emperors made a treaty for a 5-year peace. The Turkish text of this treaty, for the first time, no longer accorded Charles the dignity of an imperial title, referring to him merely as the ‘

Outline and evaluate the learning theory of attachment Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate the learning theory of attachment Essay The learning theory of attachment focuses of two concepts; operant and classical conditioning. Classical conditioning as an explanation for attachment describes the baby receiving food (and unconditioned stimulus) and producing an unconditioned response (happiness) and the mother feeding the baby will be the neutral stimulus. The baby will then experience the mother giving them food (and therefore happiness) a number of times and then learn to associate the mother (now a conditioned stimulus) with the feeling of happiness (a conditioned response) and thus an attachment will form. Operant conditioning describes attachment as a reinforced response. When a baby gets food its discomfort will become happiness and the baby will associate this feeling with food and therefore food will become the primary reinforcer. The person feeding the baby will also be associated with the happiness and therefore become the secondary reinforcer and an attachment will form. (evaluate) Even though the learning theory of attachment provides an adequate explanation of attachment it is flawed. Research evidence, such as that of Harlows monkey study, opposes the idea of learning theory as an explanation of attachment. Harlows monkey study involved giving a baby monkey the choice of either food or comfort (food was portrayed by a wire monkey with a feeding bottle attached to it and comfort was portrayed by a wire monkey covered in cloth). According to the learning theory of attachment the monkey should have spent most of his time on the food monkey, however the opposite was true the monkey spent the majority of his time on the comfort monkey. This decreases the validity of the learning theory of attachment as an explanation for attachment because the findings of Harlows monkey study opposed what it suggested. However, the monkey study was conducted on monkeys and it could be argued that this is not an accurate representation of human attachment. Humans are a lot more c omplex than animals and so therefore research on animals to study behaviour cannot be applied to human behaviour. Outline and evaluate the learning theory of attachment (12 marks) A GRADE (outline)

International Tribunal Courts, Truth Commissions, and Reparations Commi

I. Introduction No one can possibly deny or ignore the overwhelming amount of mass atrocities that took place during the twentieth century. From the â€Å"Great Purge† orchestrated by Stalin in the former Soviet Union to the Holocaust of World War II led by the Nazis, South Africa’s apartheid, Argentina’s â€Å"Dirty War†, and the tactics of terror, repression, and torture used by many military regimes, not to mention Rwanda’s Genocide (Minow, 1998, p. 1). More surprisingly, these unspeakable and horrifying events took place during the past century. However, such unforgettable atrocities helped to raise consciousness among the international community, which led to the formation of needed international norms to protect, avoid, and prevent similar atrocities from ever happening again. In addition, several mechanisms were developed by the international community with the finality to repair, reconcile, and prosecute perpetrators. Such mechanisms include International Tribunals, Truth Commissions, Reparations, among others (Minow, 1998). But, how successful have these mechanisms been at achieving such intended goals? Professor Minow provides a compelling answer to this question in her book titled â€Å"Between Vengeance and Forgiveness†. Minow explores the formal responses of some nations to mass atrocities and argues that the acknowledgment of past event is of vital importance in the process of forgiveness, reconciliation, and reconstruction of a society as whole. In addition to that, she notes the importance of Truth Commission, International Tribunals, and Reparations for past damages. Nevertheless, she recognizes that such mechanisms have limitations that might, in some cases, hinder a nation’s healing process. Thus, the author concludes that ... ...logical change. However, such reconciliation cannot emerge without a truthful acknowledgement of past events that permit victims to get closure as well as a shared vision of the future. Additionally, the reconciliation and the healing process of a society entail forgiveness that can only be granted by the victim himself. But what if a society is not ready to forgive or let go of the past? The unwillingness of a society as a whole to forgive hinders the process of reconciliation. In the absence of this willingness to forgive, truth commission could become compromised, reluctant, or simply turned into merely platforms to criticize old regimes. Chile, Uganda, and Chad are some examples where truth commissions were less effective in achieving their intended purpose of reconciliation due to the unwillingness of the society to forgive past actions (Avruch, 2010, p.35).

Yoyoyo

Choose one of the following project menu options to work on with your team. Be prepared to provide your second and third choice of project. The rubric that will be used to grade the finished product is also Included to gulled you in completing your project. The project will be due in class on Monday, October 20 and pre-checked on October 17, Friday. Options 1 and 2 Create a 3-D model of a Eukaryotic Cell belonging too Plant (option 1) or Animal (option 2). Length and height are not shorter than 8. Depth is not shorter than . . Your model must include all of the basic parts of the cell you choose as well as all organelles. In addition, you must label or provide a key to all parts and organelles so that they are clearly identifiable. You also need to include a written explanation of what organelles are represented and why you chose the materials you did to make each organelle or cell part. Recommended materials include (but are not limited to) non-perishables such as Styrofoam, wood, c ardboard, plastic, pasta, beans, etc.Your finished product may be freestanding but stable. Critical thinking and creativity are required Options 3 and 4 Design and create a movie (option 3) or cartoon storyboard (option 4) that depicts the adventures of an explorer Inside a cell. Choose one of the two types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant or Animal. Your storyboard should be Illustrated using color and should be presented on pasteboard. In Dalton to illustrations, you need to Include detailed descriptions of what is going on in each picture.You can be creative but remember that you must focus on how the cell parts and organelle function as your explorer experiences or interacts with them. Creativity and humor are encouraged Options 5 and 6 Design a travel brochure that describes a cell as though it were a large exhibit, attraction, an amusement park, cruise ship, or any other self-contained location with lots to do and lots of activities going on inside. Choose one of the two major types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant (option 5)or Animal (option 6).You must create an analogy for all of the parts and organelles found in the cell type that you choose, making sure that your analogies are relevant to the location. (Example If a cell Is Like an amusement park, then the nucleus might be the park headquarters, etc. ) In your brochure, you will draw, describe, and explain the functions of cell parts and organelles. You may use gained cutouts or pictures from the Internet as long as they are clear and accurate.Make sure your brochure is eye catching and interesting, colorful but informative Humor and creativity are required. Options 7 Choreograph and perform an original song or dance that depicts all the organelles and functions of each organelle. It is strongly suggested that you stick a label to identify the organelle you are depicting in the song/dance. If you decide to make more than one scene/act, provide a way to communicate this to the audience. The dance should not be lon ger than 3 minutes and not shorter than 1. 5 minutes. Record this on video.

How to Maintain a Good Health Essay

Nowadays, most people are busy with their daily work and lives which cause most of them have less time to care for their health including me. I used to eat foods that are easily to prepare in short period of time for example French fries, chicken nuggets or even pizza without paying attention to its nutrition if they are harmful or healthy for my health. According to Rockwell, high- fat foods may increase your risk for high blood cholesterol and this puts you at a higher risk for heart disease and other health conditions (2011). Here are some steps that we can follow to avoid high-fat foods, not smoking and eating foods high in vitamins help protect the eyes.There are three steps that I recommend others to follow of how to avoid fat foods, it may not work on everybody but at least it works on me. First, making a list of good and healthy foods before going to supermarket then just follow what we have listed out and buy it for our meal. Secondly, try to put as much as foods such fresh fruits in the refrigerator so that every time we need something to eat, especially in night time, we can replace junk foods or fatty foods with fruits. Last, we need to put our health on the top of everything in life that is why we need to read the nutritional fact carefully before we buy something.Not only fatty food can affect our health but also smoking could be dangerous for us. By reading an article from Black stated that â€Å"currently some 444,000 people die annually from direct and indirect tobacco diseases ( 2011).† It is good to avoid smoking that everybody has to do as soon as possible to save our lives. Here are some ways that people should follow to avoid tobacco. Keep yourself busy with daily activities instead of thinking about tobacco. For example, take your free time to go to the gym for working out instead of smoking or you can take a walk for sightseeing. Efficient nutritional intake is the most important part to keep our body healthy. There are certain types of minerals and vitamins are required for the eyes need. Vitamin A is one of the major sources to keep the human’s eyes work properly, and this kind vitamin we can obtain mostly from fresh fruit and vegetables. Furthermore, Vitamin D is also crucial to maintain and improve vision suggested by Dr. Mercola because it helps â€Å"reductions in retinal inflammation and levels of amyloid beta accumulation which is a hallmark of aging† (2012). Those are some information that I want to let people know how avoiding high-fat foods, not smoking, and eating foods high in vitamins help protect the eyes. Hopefully people will have a good life and stay healthy. Works Cited Black, Ken. â€Å"How many people dies an hour smoking?.† College Central. May 1, 2011. Web. October 2, 2012. http://www.collegecentral.com/Article.cfm?CatID=hlt&ArticleID=3964. Dr. Mercola. â€Å"This Vitamin Found to Rejuvenate Aging Eyes.† Take control of Your Health. February 6, 2012. Web. October 2, 2012. http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2012/02/06/this-vitamin-found-to-rejuvenate-aging-eyes.aspx Rockwell, Kay. â€Å"Can Fatty Foods Cause Dark Circles Under the Eyes?†. The Limitless Potential of You. May 2, 2011. Web. October 2, 2012. Http://www.livestrong.com/article/395649-can-fatty-foods-cause-dark-circles-under-the-eyes/

War Crimes essays

War Crimes essays A war crime is any of various crimes, such as genocide or the mistreatment of prisoners of war, committed during a war and considered in violation of the conventions of warfare. War crimes are constantly being committed during war and something has to be done. There have been too many instances where these sorts of criminals have gotten away. Victims of war have gotten little or no justice at all, we have to come up with a solution so that there will be a way to punish these hanas crimes. To commit a war crime you have to break one of the two main principles, which are: "The principle of necessity and the principle of humanity." What the first principle means is that you can kill the enemy only when it is completely necessary. The second principle states that you should cause no unnecessary suffering to your enemy. These two principles are the two fundamental principles and have become highly detailed. The most important laws that have come out of the two main principles are that prisoners of war have rights and should never be executed or wounded after they have surrendered. That you are not allowed to take hostages, and that you can't starve non-combatants. People who are sick, wounded should be cared for. Innocent civilians property should be spared, and civilians should have nothing stolen from them. You must treat all noncombatants humanely and equally. These laws seem to be just and should be easily followed, but during times of war these laws are rarely followed. In times of war military soldiers do things that are sickening; they kill innocent people, rape women, torture people because they are of a different race or religion. These crimes are inhumane and something has to be done to make sure these crimes stop. After World War 2 you would have thought that genocide or ethnic cleansing wouldn't be happening, but it still is. The war in Kosovo has resembled the same things that the Nazi's did during WW2. ...

3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation

3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation 3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation 3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation By Mark Nichol In each of the following examples, a complementary comma that provides closure for a parenthetical phrase is missing. Discussion after each sentence explains the problem, and a revision demonstrates the solution. 1. A-list actors, including Scarlett Johansson, Idris Elba, and Bill Murray provide the voices for CGI characters. If the sentence began with the actors’ names and was a simple statement of identification, only the commas after the first and second names would be required. But because the names, preceded by the organizational signal word including, are parenthetical to the main clause, â€Å"A-list actors provide the voices for CGI characters,† providing examples rather than constituting a comprehensive list, a comma must follow Bill Murray’s name to complement the comma after actors: â€Å"A-list actors, including Scarlett Johansson, Idris Elba, and Bill Murray, provide the voices for CGI characters.† 2. Despite Jones’s busy schedule, Smith said that he always found time for her. Smith does not say something in spite of Jones’s busy schedule; â€Å"Smith said† is parenthetical to the main clause, â€Å"Despite Jones’s busy schedule, he always found time for her,† so it should be bracketed by two commas: â€Å"Despite Jones’s busy schedule, Smith said, he always found time for her.† 3. If he got lost, Jones was told a search party would not be sent to rescue him. The sentence suggests, with an apparently tangled tense construction, that if â€Å"he† were to get lost, he would be informed that no search party would be sent to rescue him. But what is meant is that he was told that if he got lost, no rescue effort would ensue. â€Å"Jones was told† is parenthetical to the statement, just as â€Å"Smith said† is parenthetical in the previous example, so it must be set off from the main clause by commas before and after the phrase: â€Å"If he got lost, Jones was told, a search party would not be sent to rescue him.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†50 Types of PropagandaWhen to Spell Out Numbers

The Use of Storytelling in Videogames Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Use of Storytelling in Videogames - Essay Example This is not possible in the traditional storytelling methods and even theatricals. Video games allow the player to make a choice on the direction that the story will take. The freedom to make a choice makes the player feel a part of the happenings in the story. The player has the ability to make decisions that impact on the story. Video games enable players to role play and this makes the player to adopt a set of characters for the choice made. Story telling through the use of video games offers more latitude to the player because a single game can have multiple endings. The player has an active role not just as a mere viewer. The games that are player driven games tell a story in a dramatic way such the player feels the impact of the decisions taken in real time as the game continues. The outcome of the video game may depend on the performance of the player and the options taken in the scenarios that present themselves in the game. Therefore, the video games tell a story in a dynami c and interactive way instead of the traditional media that tell stories in a static way. The synthesis between the story and game play is important if a video game is to have an impact on its target audience. The user interface of the game has to be compelling and the game should not have any technical bugs that affect it during play. The storyline has to be well thought out such that even if there can be multiple outcomes of the game, coherence and flow is still maintained. Videogames allow for the developer to include a back story. This significantly helps to expand upon the main story and put all the characters in context. For instance, if a given character in a war game is full of vengeance, the background story can be given to elaborate on the reasons for this. Back story also helps to add special scenes to the story that highlight traits of character that may not be shown in the game. Different game modes allow the player to choose the specific settings that suit their prefer ence when playing the game. The result of this is that the games tells a story that is customized to a given player hence it becomes more captivating and interesting than in the traditional media. Video games engage the player to actively take part in activities that unfold in the story. The feeling of involvement makes the story more engrossing to the player; a feat that cannot be attained through the use of traditional media. The use of video games in story telling has gained widespread adoption especially among school going children and youths. This is because the characters in the video games are easy to identify with. On top of that, the challenge involved in crafting their story as they play the video game is a significant motivator. In as much as both video games and films share the same characteristics in terms of story line and visual style, video games have an added advantage by enabling interactivity. Videogames may also tell a story through cut scenes. This is whereby th e game pauses and plays a saved clip to explain the next plot before play advances. The player has to put aside the controls and watch the clip before advancing to the next level. However, with advances in technology, most games of recent times have embraced the concept of empowering the player to write the story. This further cements the position that the future direction in video games is more inclined towards player driven games. The actual control of the games may not necessarily be real but what

Oil and gas correlation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oil and gas correlation - Research Paper Example It would therefore be important to explain why and the possible reveres resolution (Ross 42). There has been an increased shift towards use of gas in production of domestic electricity against the small oil use. This factor explains the increasing trend of negative correlation between the two commodities as noted from late 1970s (Roberts 51). It is also evident that from 1991, the import of oil by US had reduced but this still represented approximately 40% of the consumption by US against a paltry 5% of gas consumption by the US (YeÃŒ pez-Garcia, Rigoberto , and Julie 86). This is an evident case to support the observed negative correlation. The increasing local production of gas by US in 1980s led to the increased supply of gas which affected prices locally and internationally but exhibited consistent trend towards a positive correlation with oil prices (YeÃŒ pez-Garcia, Rigoberto , and Julie 86) . Increased technological advancement which has seen a rise in gas fuelled cars is likely to push the gas prices up. This would initiate the positive correlation between the two commodities. It is also predicted that increased export of LNG by US to the global market will promote the chances of gas offering competition to oil thereby moving in the same direction in terms of prices (CretiÌ€

What is wrong with the education system Research Paper

What is wrong with the education system - Research Paper Example Moreover, the quality and quantity of services provided by teachers can be directly linked to the aspect of teacher tenure and union of education, considering that these aspects focus on the welfare of teachers while overlooking the welfare of students and the education system as a whole. Teacher Tenure The biggest factor in consideration with teacher tenure is the fact that it enhances complacency of teachers being covered by the tenureship policy, since they cease to fear placing their jobs under risks. In consideration to enhancement of complacency among teachers, it becomes certain that quantity and quality of services being offered by these teachers may be compromised. More so, teachers who are seen to openly compromise quality and quantity of work cannot be easily fired, since, compared to regular teachers, it is more expensive and hard to fire tenured teachers. This is due to the fact that there is a lengthy and complex documentation process that seeks to prove that unsatisfac tory and poor performance of the tenure teacher to be fired. Other than proving and documenting the poor performance claims of a tenured teacher, a court of law must critically scrutinize the allegations agree to the claims (Nixon, Packard and Douvanis, 2007, p. 43-45). Administrators often seek to weed out poorly performing teachers in an effort to improve education standards; however, weeding out under performing teachers who are tenured is more costly than retaining them. This aspect of retention leads to accumulation of non-performing teachers and thus consequently affecting the education system as a whole. The education system is in a crisis considering the fact that teachers’ performance is critical to the success of the students and the education system as a whole. The profession of teachers needs to recruit and retain the brightest and best teachers with promotion, security and other benefits being emphasized on merit. Although teachers need security and employment as surance from unjustified lose of job probably from political influences, the systems should not overprotect them to the extent that performance issues are compromised (Philips, 2009, p.3). Retaining the best teachers needs to start from the principals being able to evaluate and fire their teachers with regards to student achievement and performance standards of teachers. Poor performance of teachers needs to be critically dealt with given the fact that many students come from unstable homes and therefore highly in need of well performing teacher in order to boost their quality of education irrespective of their unstable lives. Teachers should be judged based on the teaching services they render and their ability to impact positively on the lives of students in the classrooms they teach. Teacher tenure negatively impacts on the education system although the policy was basically meant to establish fair procedures to protect teachers from political, discriminatory, and personal treatme nt by employers. The policy has however been misused to protect incompetent teachers rather protecting competent teachers to enable high retention of best teachers for fostering high education standards. However, employers can overcome incompetence factor by hiring competent teachers who are qualified with regards to real performance issue. Teacher tenure should only be used to protect teachers from injustice and politics school boards and external powers may use against them and ensure teachers

Dealing With Global Income Inequality and its Consequences

Dealing With Global Income Inequality and its Consequences Tim Mulligan Problem Background: The passing of time has generally served to benefit many of the problems revolving international relations. As time has progressed, so have human development policies, international organizations and missions for global peacekeeping. Time has brought us to an era where nuclear weapons have made all-out war is obsolete, and where greater efforts towards controlling climate change are technologically possible. Time has not served the world’s income inequality well, though. Income inequality is one of international relations seemingly insurmountable obstacles and this can be attributed to several factors that have continuously plagued and complicated the issue. Although recent studies may report increases in the world’s average income within the past few decades, rates of economic inequality have largely remained the same. (Milanovic, para. ) Moreover, the income inequality rates of the world have risen seventeen percent since the year 1820 and only show signs of continuing this pattern. (â€Å"Breaking the Camels Back†) These global rates have experienced rises and falls in correlation to the well-being of the world’s economy, higher equality in positive economic times and lower equality in times of economic crisis. But, the explanation for why income inequality has fallen—and continues to fall—transcends the simple explanation of poor economy=poor economic equality and good economy=good economic equality. The worlds declining rate of equality is a product of a number of internal and international aspects including governmental policies, ethnic discrepancies, colonization and the earth’s limited re sources, all of which have undermined the financial equality of individuals for centuries. The complexity in the causality of this issue is what makes the development and implementation of appropriate international policies such a difficult task. It is also important to note that income inequality does not strictly affect individuals, but also has a large impact on states and furthermore the world as a whole. The income inequality of individuals within a state or nation will often be indicative of the state’s overall power and more importantly its stability. Everything from economic influence, military power, the standard of living, and political participation are byproducts of a state’s level of income inequality. This is because the individuals who experience this degree of poverty typically go unrepresented, either because the wealthy control the interests of the state or because they are under a dictatorship that does not allow them representation. Without equal representation politically and economically, states often face internal struggles with rebellion, constant regime changes, education, extreme poverty and even civil war. These are indicators of a â€Å"failed state†, which is a state in which the government is not in control of its citizens. This lack of stability can shut down government, international trading, national defense, human development and other things that are imperative not only to internal stability, but to relations with the rest of the world. Analysis of the Policy Problem: Several experts provide potential policy options for the improvement of global income inequality levels: Robert Muggah suggests that positive changes in income inequality and poverty are rooted in the structure and policies of urban city governments. He approaches the issue on the basis that the governments of dense urban cities have a more direct impact on the level of income inequality throughout the world than state governments. His emphasis is on communication between city mayors and citizens as well as communication and cooperation between poor cities and wealthy cities. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Muggah takes a liberal and very unique approach to the problem. In his expert opinion, he believes that local mayors need to be more receptive to the opinions of their citizens. This is in order to generate an agenda that better embodies the opinions of those who may go unrepresented because of their impoverished status. Muggah believes that the most commonly shared opinions may not in fact be the ones that are receiving treatment through policies and that a better line of communication between government and citizen could bring about more effective governing in regards to dealing with income inequality. (Muggah, Urban Rennaissance) Muggah also finds value in unifying wealthy cities with poor cities. He views this not only as a source of financial aid for struggling cities, but also as an opportunity for impoverished cities to observe potentially more effective income inequality policies. (Muggah, Urban Rennaissance) A second policy position to observe is that of David Dollar and Aart Kraay. They take a stance promoting the benefits of globalization as a means of lowering the level of income inequality throughout the world. They believe that many countries with high rates of income inequality are in such a state because they lack a connection with other, richer countries. They are losing the battle of income inequality internally without looking outward for opportunity and aid from other countries. Dollar and Kraay also stress the idea that the economic decisions of powerful countries play a huge role in the level of global inequality. (Dollar, Kraay, A Rising Tide) The primary point of Dollar and Kraay is that countries that are struggling with income inequality need to find opportunities in international trade and foreign investments. This is because the improvement of impoverished countries is at the will of the world’s more powerful countries. They believe that rich countries that deny economic integration with poor countries need to be dealt consequences or be convinced to do otherwise. Another theory of theirs is that poor countries need to construct governing systems that are consistent with the process of globalization. (Dollar, Kraay, A Rising Tide) Branko Milanovic maintains a viewpoint that is contradictory to Dollar and Kraay’s. Milanovic does not find globalism to generate the amount of wealth for a country that is necessary to bring it’s impoverished out of inequality. He stands firmly behind the idea that extreme capitalism has the greatest chance of decreasing the amount of global income inequality. His idea is that the generation of wealth and jobs from capitalists will in turn generate a larger pool of wealth and opportunities to be shared with the poor. (Milanovic, para. 11-20) Milanovic’s argument is that capitalism is an unstoppable force and that mitigating an individual’s desire for more wealth is impossible. Because of this, he believes that it is a better idea to employ capitalism for its economic growth advantages rather than push for individuals to redistribute their funds among the poor. With that said, Milanovic also calls for a reform in the mindset of the modern capitalist that focuses more on entrepreneurship and the saving of wealth rather than illustrious spending. He specifically refers to the winner-take-all attitude that capitalists have taken on since the 1980’s which he believes has caused wealthy businessmen to focus on personal growth rather than expansion that can benefit all. Milanovic finds that a country benefits more from internal wealth and job creation than becoming interdependent with other countries. (Milanovic, para. 13-21) Ryo Arawatari’s policy position is based on the effect that voter turnout has on the income inequality level of countries. Arawatari tested his theory that low voter turnout may have a negative impact on the level of income inequality in a country with a series of mathematical equations. (Arawatari, pg.32- 53)The results of his tests found that there is a significant negative relationship between the two, mathematically speaking. Arawatari proposes that perhaps income inequality could be lower if more citizens that were impoverished voted and provided themselves with representation regarding the distribution of wealth in their country. He also found that lower voter turnout (statistically) stunts a countries GDP growth rate which could in turn increase the level of inequality in the country. Although he does not specifically propose a change in policy, Arawatari analyses the value of voting and democracy as a potential factor to change the level of income inequality globally. (Arawatari, pg. 29-32) It is important to note the variety of policy positions that are presented. The experts that are cited have fairly different viewpoints in regards to addressing the problem of global income inequality. The two views that seem to contain similarities (if any) are Robert Muggah and Ryo Arawatari’s. Both of these experts advocate an increase in citizen-to-government involvement. Muggah promotes the value of communication between citizens and their local government officials and Arawatari promotes the value of the democratic vote. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) These are both solutions to global income inequality that rely on the internal processes of countries rather than their policies on foreign affairs. Branko Milanovic also proposes a solution that involves countries working from within their borders but he focuses on what wealthy capitalists can do to lower inequality rather than what the impoverished can do for themselves. (Milanovic, pg.13-20) Branko Milanovic and David Dollar and Aart Kraay have the most conflicting policy stances. Milanovic belittles the value of globalization, which on the contrary Dollar and Kraay are strong proponents. They disagree not on whether globalization has a positive effect on global income inequality, but whether this affect is influential enough to cause a swift, significant and positive change in the problem. (Milanovic, pg.13-20) Not only do they contradict each other on which policy provides the greatest reduction in income inequality, Milanovic goes as far as claiming that globalization will not produce results quickly enough. Milanovic includes timeliness as an important tool for the support for his argument which other experts did not appear to touch on. (Milanovic, pg.13-20) Robert Muggah may have the most unique position on the problem of global income inequality. His addressing of global inequality at the local government level provides a far different solution than other experts. As Milanovic, Arawatari, Dollar and Kraay champion policies that take place at the national or international level, Muggah has a grassroots approach which calls for change at the lowest level of government. Not only that, but his policy relies on a humanitarian and moral policy change while the other experts look more into more structural changes and globalization efforts. Muggah proposes working from the bottom up instead of the more popular policies which work form the top down to solve global income inequality. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Major Conclusions: The opinions of these experts are drastically different from one another in regards to their range of options and applicability. Robert Muggah’s serves as the most loosely applicable option. As a policy based simply on â€Å"better† communication between urban city mayors and citizens, the policy can hardly be called a policy, as there is no structural way to implement the idea either within a country or on an international level. This policy could only be applied to cities which are a part of democratic regimes and in states that have local governments. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Arawatari’s policy is much more comprehensive than it is ad hoc. Arawatari does not propose a structural policy either, he calls for an initiative to increase voter turnout which greatly limits the potential application for his ideology. This policy would also be limited to use in democratic regimes that have an electorate and even more specifically, states with low voter turnout. (Arawatari, pg.29) Milanovic is also proposes a fairly comprehensive policy that could only be exercised by a select group of countries, or individuals for that matter. His advocacy for extreme capitalism would only apply to countries that have a capitalistic economy which is a fairly small percentage of the countries which have high rates of income inequality. Also, the aspect of his argument that calls for modern capitalists to focus more on entrepreneurial values of job growth and distribution is not enforceable by government which limits its application. (Milanovic, para.13-20) Dollar and Kraays policy is the more as hoc of the group. Their advocacy for globalization is not only a policy that can be implemented in nearly every country, but it can also be instituted through the means of foreign policy efforts, economic interdependency and foreign investment. In promoting globalization, Dollar and Kraay are actually advocating the expansion of the applicability of their own policy. (Dollar. Kraay, A Rising Tide) The policies put forth by these experts have applications that would not yield results for a long period of time as income inequality and other such economic factors are not susceptible to quick changes. The complexity and depth of global income inequality alone could cause even the most successful policy to take a significant amount of time to impact the world. Arawatari and Muggah’s policies although being the most abstract of the policies, could yield the quickest results due to their more direct approach to increasing the representation of individuals who are impoverished. Muggah’s policy of communication between citizens and mayors could have an immediate effect on the representation of cities and their potential changes to help increase income equality depending on the legislatures of the city. If the legislature considers the opinions of the impoverished citizens then perhaps change can come about through statutes. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Arawatari’s policy of increased voter turnout can also bring about immediate changes in legislature or public figures that can provide for higher rates of income equality for the impoverished. Milanovic, Dollar and Kraay have more long term policies. Milanovics policy hinges upon the changing of the mindset of capitalists which may not be a goal to rely on as it is abstract. Also his advocacy for extreme capitalism would not generate an immediate change in income inequality because even if the mindsets of capitalists were to align right with his proposed ideal, these individuals could take decades to make an impact that would have an effect on an entire countries economy. (Milanovic, para. 9-20) Dollar and Kraays globalization policy would take the longest not only to implement, to take effect. Creating economic interdependency and expanding relations with other counties alone is a task, but the economic growth that would be expected to follow would take even longer. There are also many factors that can inhibit the policies continuity like war, terrorism and global economic crisis. References Arawatari, Ryo. Informatization, Voter Turnout and Income Inequality. Journal of Economic Inequality 7, no. 1 (2007): 29-54. Accessed April 27, 2015. doi:March 2009. Breaking the Camels Back. The Economist. October 4, 2014. Accessed April 15, 2015. http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21621908-what-impressive-work-economic-history-tells-you-about-inequality-breaking. Dollar, David, and Aart Kraay. Spreading the Wealth. Foreign Affairs. January 1, 2002. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57626/david-dollar-and-aart-kraay/spreading-the-wealth. Milanovic, Branko. Inequality and Its Discontents. Foreign Affairs. August 12, 2011. Accessed March 28, 2015. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68031/branko-milanovic/inequality-and-its-discontents. Muggah, Robert. Fixing Fragile Cities. Foreign Affairs. January 15, 2015. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/142760/robert-muggah/fixingfragile-cities

Racism versus Civil Rights Movement Essay -- African-American Civil Rig

"Struggle is a never ending process. Freedom is never really won. You earn it and win it in every generation." -Coretta Scott King, page666 The 1960's were a time of great turmoil in America and throughout the world. One of the main topics that arouse was black civil rights. In my essay I plan to compare the difference of opinion between these particular writers and directors, towards racism and the civil rights movement in the 1960's The movement truly got underway with civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King jr. and Malcolm X in the early 1960's. Students who wanted to bolt on the equality and protest bandwagon quickly followed. Most of the students went to the Southern states (Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, etc.), to stop the racism and hate crimes. The truth of the matter is that the violence and abhorrence would get worse before it got better. The Klan became stronger and more violent, committing many more lynching and gruesome murders. Bit by bit most of the Caucasian Americans came around to the idea of integration, and did not believe that the African Americans as a 'threat' anymore. The only reason that this great monumental change occurred was because of the great leadership of Malcolm X, Martin Luther King jr., and not to mention the thousands of other less famous civil rights leaders, that worked to change the views of their community. There also where lobbyist and protesters that risked there lives and went out on a limb to struggle against injustice. All factors, put together, made one of the better most changes of the twentieth century. Rob Rheiner (the director of Ghost of Mississippi) has successfully portrayed the blatant dishonesty towards blacks by the police force and Mississippi courts. On one occasion when the accused murderer was in court, the Govener of the state went up and shook hands right in front of the victim's wife. Another example of dishonesty against blacks was that a retired judge had taken home murder weapons (mainly from the African American murders) and kept them as souvenirs. It was later discovered that the police officers had also taken home evidence from crimes against the African Americans, for souvenirs. The murderer portrayed a "couldn't care less" attitude during the first trial in 1962 and the retrial in 1992. He knew that he would be f... ...e a fatal mistake, many times. Quotes "We don't except Jews because they reject Christ and have control of international banking cartels, they are the root of what we call communism today. We do not accept papists, because they bow to a Roman dictator; Turks, Mongols, Tartars, Orientals, or Negro's because we are here to protect Anglo-Saxon democracy for Americans."(page 3) "One day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and girls as sister's and brother's."(page 3) "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of it's creed."(page 2) "Struggle is a never ending process. Freedom is never really won. You earn it and win it in every generation." -Coretta Scott King(page1) Bibliography Bibliography The Ghost of Mississippi; Rob Rheiner; Columbia Tristar; 1992 Bernard Aquina Doctor; Malcolm X; 1992; Writers and Readers publishing inc. Kira Albin; Quiet Strength: The Faith, the Hope, and the Heart of a Woman Who Changed a Nation; 2000; Zondervan Publishing House Mississippi Burning; Alan Parker; (I don't know the company that produced it); 1988

Historically Australian Indigenous Art Is Often Politically or Spiritually Motivated Essay

Historically Australian art is often politically or spiritually motivated. This statement is proved by a number of indigenous Australian artists including, Nellie Nakamarra Marks, who uses traditional techniques and motives to relay her spirituality, and Tony Albert, who recontextualises mainstream items, to create a postmodern collection, challenging the idea of stereotypical representations in mainstream culture. All spiritual beliefs in Aboriginal culture relate back to the idea of creation and dreaming. The dreaming is the ongoing cultural and spiritual progression that informs identity and knowledge, which is expressed through traditional indigenous art. This reflects a spiritual connection to the land, which is represented by signs and symbols as well as other various techniques, which are unique to traditional indigenous art. Signs and symbols can represent a particular location, object or landmark, or a particular story or totem that would be specific to a particular tribe, corroboree or dreamtime story. In traditional indigenous artworks, there is no perspective or fixed vanishing points for landscape artworks because indigenous Australians do not see their environment as a landscape, but their particular world and universe. They create a concept of place by using signs and symbols to create a map-like artwork, which represents their particular ‘world’ and universe. Essentially, traditional indigenous Australian artists are painting their spirituality, by expressing their connection to the land through signs, symbols and their world. Nellie Nakamarra Marks is a traditional indigenous artist, from the east of Kintore in the Northern Territory. In her work Kalipinypa, there is no set pattern and everything is connected which suggests her spiritualty and connection with the land. Her use of the traditional form of dot painting for her particular area of the Central Desert Region symbolises her world as she sees it, and how she heard about it through stories. In the middle of the right hand side there is lack of colour, which could symbolise a particular place that has particular spiritual significance. The dark shapes also look like leaves, which could represent the end of season and the coming of autumn, which is supported by the deep, vibrant colours in the painting. The colours also represent her region and place in Australia. The many different varieties of the same shapes could symbolise diversity within their own tribe, as well as the different shapes and movements of the land. The purpose of this artwork is to educate and pass on a particular story to younger generations. Postmodern art challenges mainstream ideas, which usually creates a political or social statement about modern society. Contemporary indigenous art in particular would be classified as postmodern because the artists are communicating their feelings and thoughts about certain aspects of society in modern Australia, which in turn, challenges some pre conceived notions about indigenous Australians in today’s society. These particular works by Tony Albert are postmodern, because he recontextualises items from recent history, that were used to create an unrealistic connection between White Australia and indigenous Australia in the 50’s and 60’s, to challenge history, both politically and socially. Tony Albert’s collection recycles kitsch black velvet paintings produced in Australia in the 1950’s and 1960’s. These velvet paintings were very popular in the last fifty years as home decorations, and like many objects from this period, they were characterized by their depictions of Aboriginal people as simple folk. These ornaments enabled white Australians of the time to have a distant and unrealistic connection to indigenous people. Albert recontextualises these paintings by introducing stenciled slogans to the paintings to create a complex and identifiable character. He uses the languages of politics and pop culture to reconnect the artworks with modern Australia and therefore reality. These slogans reclaim the faces of the aboriginals, transferring them from helpless and cute, to bold and complex, which asserts a modern identity and sense of self. This makes the characters more personal, which then creates a connection between the viewer and the subject that is mimicked throughout the collection. The slogans are derived from pop songs, nursery rhymes, advertising, political speeches and life stories, which has launched these velvet paintings into a new identity, which enables the viewer to connect with the characters beyond a stereotyped context. The generic and common velvet paintings have become empowered and personalized, asserting a new sense of self, which makes this collection truly compelling. This collection by Tony Albert, addresses the issue of stereotypical representations of indigenous Australians in mainstream culture. He challenges this present and historic issue of cultural alienation and displacement experienced by Indigenous Australians by appropriating slogans and recontextualising them to create a sense of lost identity and estrangement. Through the use of many different mediums, Aboriginal artists are motivated by their spirituality or political standpoint to produce art. This is shown by Nellie Nakamarra Marks, who is motivated by her connection to the land and her spirituality, and Tony Albert, who was trying to communicate the stereotypical views of indigenous Australians in mainstream culture. Kalipinypa – NELLIE NAKAMARRA MARKS Acrylic on linen, 90? 90cm Kalipinypa – NELLIE NAKAMARRA MARKS Acrylic on linen, 90? 90cm.